GCSE Combined Science: Synergy Specification Specification for first teaching in 2016
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GCSE Science8465
8.0 Practical assessment
Practical work is at the heart of science, so we have placed it at the heart of this specification.
There are three interconnected, but separate reasons for doing practical work in schools. They are:
- To support and consolidate scientific concepts (knowledge and understanding).
This is done by applying and developing what is known and understood of abstract ideas and models. Through practical work we are able to make sense of new information and observations, and provide insights into the development of scientific thinking.
- To develop investigative skills. These transferable skills include:
- devising and investigating testable questions
- identifying and controlling variables
- analysing, interpreting and evaluating data.
- To build and master practical skills such as:
- using specialist equipment to take measurements
- handling and manipulating equipment with confidence and fluency
- recognising hazards and planning how to minimise risk.
By focusing on the reasons for carrying out a particular practical, teachers will help their students understand the subject better, to develop the skills of a scientist and to master the manipulative skills required for further study or jobs in STEM subjects.
Questions in the written exams will draw on the knowledge and understanding students have gained by carrying out the practical activities listed below. These questions will count for at least 15% of the overall marks for the qualification. Many of our questions will also focus on investigative skills and how well students can apply what they know to practical situations, often in novel contexts.
The practical handbook will help teachers plan purposeful practical work that develops both practical and investigative skills and encourages the thinking behind the doing so that they can reach their potential.
Teachers are encouraged to further develop students’ abilities by providing other opportunities for practical work throughout the course. Opportunities are signposted in the right-hand column of the content section of this specification for further skills development.
Our Synergy scheme of work will provide ideas and suggestions for good practical activities that are manageable with large classes.
8.1 Use of apparatus and techniques
All students are expected to have carried out the required practical activities in Required practical activities . The following list includes opportunities for choice and use of appropriate laboratory apparatus for a variety of experimental problem-solving and/or enquiry-based activities.
Safety is an overriding requirement for all practical work. Schools and colleges are responsible for ensuring that appropriate safety procedures are followed whenever their students undertake practical work, and should undertake full risk assessments.
Use and production of appropriate scientific diagrams to set up and record apparatus and procedures used in practical work is common to all science subjects and should be included wherever appropriate.
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
8.2 Required practical activities
The following practical activities must be carried out by all students taking GCSE Combined Science: Synergy.
Following any revision by the Secretary of State of the apparatus or techniques specified, we will review and revise the required practical activities as appropriate.
Schools and colleges will be informed of any changes in a timely manner and the amended specification will be published, highlighting the changes accordingly.
Teachers are encouraged to vary their approach to these practical activities. Some are more suitable for highly structured approaches that develop key techniques; others allow opportunities for students to develop investigative approaches.
This list is not designed to limit the practical activities carried out by students. A rich practical experience will include more than the 21 required practical activities. The explicit teaching of practical skills will build students’ competence. Many teachers will also use practical approaches to introduce content knowledge in the course of their normal teaching.
Schools and colleges are required to provide a practical science written statement to AQA, that is a true and accurate written statement, which confirms that it has taken reasonable steps to secure that each student has:- completed the required practical activities as detailed in this specification
- made a contemporaneous record of such work undertaken during the activities and the knowledge, skills and understanding derived from those activities.
We will provide a form for the head of centre to sign. You must submit the form to us by the date published at aqa.org.uk/science . We will contact schools and colleges directly with the deadline date and timely reminders if the form is not received. Failure to send this form counts as malpractice/maladministration, and may result in formal action or warning for the school or college.
8.2.1 Required practical activity 1
Use appropriate apparatus to make and record the measurements needed to determine the densities of regular and irregular solid objects and liquids. Volume should be determined from the dimensions of a regularly shaped object and by a displacement technique for irregularly shaped objects. Dimensions to be measured using appropriate apparatus such as a ruler, micrometer or Vernier callipers.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to make and record measurements of length, area, mass and volume accurately. Use such measurements to determine the density of solid objects and liquids.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 1.2 – use a variety of models such as representational, spatial, descriptive, computational and mathematical to solve problems, make predictions and to develop scientific explanations and understanding of familiar and unfamiliar facts.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 5c – calculate areas of triangles and rectangles, surface areas and volumes of cubes.
8.2.2 Required practical activity 2
An investigation to determine the specific heat capacity of one or more materials. The investigation will involve linking the decrease of one energy store (or work done) to the increase in temperature and subsequent increase in thermal energy stored.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to make and record measurements of mass, time and temperature accurately.
Physics AT 5 – use, in a safe manner, appropriate apparatus to measure energy changes/transfers and associated values such as work done.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.2 – translate data from one form to another.
WS 3.3 – carry out and represent mathematical and statistical analysis.
WS 3.4 – represent the distribution of results and make estimations of uncertainty.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.6 – present reasoned explanations including relating data to hypotheses.
WS 3.7 – be objective, evaluate data in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility and identify potential sources of random and systematic error.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 3b – change the subject of an equation.
MS 3c – substitute numerical values into algebraic equations using appropriate units for physical quantities.
8.2.3 Required practical activity 3
Use a light microscope to observe, draw and label a selection of plant and animal cells. A magnification scale must be included.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record length and area.
Biology AT 7 – use a microscope to make observations of biological specimens and produce labelled scientific drawings.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
MS 1d, 3a – use estimations to judge the relative size or area of sub-cellular structures.
8.2.4 Required practical activity 4
Investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of salt or sugar solutions on the mass of plant tissue.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record mass and time.
Biology AT 3 – use appropriate apparatus and techniques to observe and measure the process of osmosis.
Biology AT 5 – measure the rate of osmosis by water uptake.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use the theory of osmosis to create hypotheses on plant tissue.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments to test hypotheses.
WS 2.4 – have due regard for accuracy of measurements and health and safety.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements of mass.
WS 2.7 – evaluate the method and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data in graphical form.
WS 3.2 – translate mass data into graphical form.
MS 1a, 1c – use simple compound measures of rate of water uptake.
MS 1c – use percentiles and calculate percentage gain and loss of mass of plant tissue.
MS 2b – find mean mass of plant tissue.
MS 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d – plot, draw and interpret appropriate graphs.
8.2.5 Required practical activity 5
Make observations to identify the suitability of apparatus to measure the frequency, wavelength and speed of waves in a ripple tank and waves in a solid and take appropriate measurements.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 4 – make observations of waves in fluids and solids to identify the suitability of apparatus to measure speed, frequency and wavelength.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
8.2.6 Required practical activity 6
Investigate how the amount of infrared radiation absorbed or radiated by a surface depends on the nature of that surface.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to make and record temperature accurately.
Physics AT 4 – make observations of the effects of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2c – construct and interpret frequency tables and diagrams, bar charts and histograms.
8.2.7 Required practical activity 7
Use qualitative reagents to test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. To include: Benedict’s test for sugars, iodine test for starch and Biuret reagent for protein.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 2 – safe use of a Bunsen burner and a boiling water bath.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, and health and safety considerations.
8.2.8 Required practical activity 8
Plan and carry out an investigation into the effect of a factor on human reaction time.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record time.
Biology AT 3 – selecting appropriate apparatus and techniques to measure the process of reaction time.
Biology AT 4 – safe and ethical use of humans to measure physiological function of reaction time and responses to a chosen factor.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
MS 4a – translate information between numerical and graphical forms.
8.2.9 Required practical activity 9
Investigate how paper chromatography can be used to separate and tell the difference between coloured substances. Students should calculate Rf values.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 1– use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately.
Chemistry AT 4 – safe use of a range of equipment to purify and/or separate chemical mixtures including chromatography.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
8.2.10 Required practical activity 10
Investigate the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis using an aquatic organism such as pondweed.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record the rate of production of oxygen gas produced; and to measure and control the temperature of water in a large beaker that acts as a 'heat shield'.
Biology AT 2 – use a thermometer to measure and control temperature of a water bath.
Biology AT 3 – use appropriate apparatus and techniques to observe and measure the process of oxygen gas production.
Biology AT 4 – safe and ethical use and disposal of living pondweed to measure physiological functions and responses to light.
Biology AT 5 – measuring rate of reaction by oxygen gas production.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses on how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments to test hypotheses.
WS 2.5 – recognise that multiple samples will be needed at each light intensity.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations of gas production.
WS 3.1 – present a graph of light intensity against rate of photosynthesis.
WS 3.2 – translate numeric data into graphical form.
MS 1a, 1c – measure and understand the rate of photosynthesis reactions.
MS 4a, 4c – plot and draw appropriate graphs of rate of photosynthesis against light intensity selecting appropriate scale for axes.
MS 3d (HT) – understand and use inverse proportion; the inverse square law and light intensity in the context of photosynthesis.
8.2.11 Required practical activity 11
Analysis and purification of water samples from different sources, including pH, dissolved solids and distillation.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 2 – safe use of appropriate heating devices and techniques including use of a Bunsen burner and a water bath or electric heater.
Chemistry AT 3 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for the measurement of pH in different situations.
Chemistry AT 4 – safe use of a range of equipment to purify and/or separate chemical mixtures including evaporation, distillation.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.5 – recognise when to apply a knowledge of sampling techniques to ensure any samples collected are representative.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
8.2.12 Required practical activity 12
Measure the population size of a common species in a habitat. Use sampling techniques to investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of this species.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record length and area.
Biology AT 3 – use transect lines and quadrats to measure distribution of a species.
Biology AT 4 – safe and ethical use of organisms and response to a factor in the environment.
Biology AT 6 – application of appropriate sampling techniques to investigate the distribution and abundance of organisms in an ecosystem via direct use in the field.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – develop hypotheses regarding distribution of a species as a consequence of a factor.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments to test hypotheses on distribution.
WS 2.3 – apply a range of techniques, including the use of transects and quadrats, and the measurement of an abiotic factor.
MS 1d, 3a – estimates of population size based on sampling.
MS 2b – calculate arithmetic means.
MS 2d – understand principles of sampling.
MS 2f – understand the terms mean, mode and median as applied to ecological data.
MS 4c – plot and draw appropriate graphs selecting appropriate scales for the axes.
8.2.13 Required practical activity 13
Investigate the relationship between force and extension for a spring.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to make and record length accurately.
Physics AT 2 – use appropriate apparatus to measure and observe the effect of force on the extension of springs and collect the data required to plot a force–extension graph.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.2 – translate data from one form to another.
WS 3.3 – carry out and represent mathematical and statistical analysis.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 4a – translate information between graphical and numeric form.
MS 4b – understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
8.2.14 Required practical activity 14
Investigate the effect of varying the force on the acceleration of an object of constant mass and the effect of varying the mass of an object on the acceleration produced by a constant force.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to make and record measurements of length, mass and time accurately.
Physics AT 2 – use appropriate apparatus to measure and observe the effect of force.
Physics AT 3 – use appropriate apparatus and techniques for measuring motion, including determination of speed and rate of change of speed (acceleration/deceleration).
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.2 – translate data from one form to another.
WS 3.3 – carry out and represent mathematical and statistical analysis.
WS 3.4 – represent the distribution of results and make estimations of uncertainty.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.6 – present reasoned explanations including relating data to hypotheses.
WS 3.7 – be objective, evaluate data in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility and identify potential sources of random and systematic error.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 2g – use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables.
MS 4a – translate information between graphical and numeric form.
MS 4b – understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
8.2.15 Required practical activity 15
Use circuit diagrams to construct appropriate circuits to investigate the I–V characteristics of a variety of circuit elements including a filament lamp, a diode and a resistor at constant temperature.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 6 – use appropriate apparatus to measure current and potential difference and to explore the characteristics of a variety of circuit elements.
Physics AT 7 – use circuit diagrams to construct and check series and parallel circuits including a variety of common circuit elements.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.5 – recognise when to apply a knowledge of sampling techniques to ensure any samples collected are representative.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.2 – translate data from one form to another.
WS 3.3 – carry out and represent mathematical and statistical analysis.
WS 3.4 – represent the distribution of results and make estimations of uncertainty.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.6 – present reasoned explanations including relating data to hypotheses.
WS 3.7 – be objective, evaluate data in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility and identify potential sources of random and systematic error.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2g – use a scatter diagram to identify a correlation between two variables.
MS 4b – understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
8.2.16 Required practical activity 16
Use circuit diagrams to set up an appropriate circuit to investigate the factors affecting the resistance of an electrical component. This should include:- the length of a wire at constant temperature
- combinations of resistors in series and in parallel.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Physics AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to measure and record length accurately.
Physics AT 6 – use appropriate apparatus to measure current, potential difference and resistance.
Physics AT 7 – use circuit diagrams to construct and check series and parallel circuits.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus, and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.5 – recognise when to apply a knowledge of sampling techniques to ensure any samples collected are representative.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
WS 3.1 – present observations and other data using appropriate methods.
WS 3.2 – translate data from one form to another.
WS 3.3 – carry out and represent mathematical and statistical analysis.
WS 3.4 – represent the distribution of results and make estimations of uncertainty.
WS 3.5 – interpret observations and other data (presented in verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, symbolic or numerical form), including identifying patterns and trends, making inferences and drawing conclusions.
WS 3.6 – present reasoned explanations including relating data to hypotheses.
WS 3.7 – be objective, evaluate data in terms of accuracy, precision, repeatability and reproducibility and identify potential sources of random and systematic error.
WS 3.8 – communicate the scientific rationale for investigations, methods used, findings and reasoned conclusions through written and electronic reports and presentations using verbal, diagrammatic, graphical, numerical and symbolic forms.
WS 4.2 – recognise the importance of scientific quantities and understand how they are determined.
WS 4.3 – use SI units (eg kg, g, mg; km, m, mm; kJ, J) and IUPAC chemical nomenclature unless inappropriate.
WS 4.6 – use an appropriate number of significant figures in calculation.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 4b – understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
MS 4d – determine the slope and intercept of a linear graph.
8.2.17 Required practical activity 17
Preparation of a pure, dry sample of a soluble salt from an insoluble oxide or carbonate, using a Bunsen burner to heat dilute acid and a water bath or electric heater to evaporate the solution.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 2– safe use of appropriate heating devices and techniques including use of a Bunsen burner and a water bath or electric heater.
Chemistry AT 3 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for conducting chemical reactions, including appropriate reagents.
Chemistry AT 4 – safe use of a range of equipment to purify and/or separate chemical mixtures including evaporation, filtration, crystallisation.
Chemistry AT 6 – safe use and careful handling of liquids and solids, including careful mixing of reagents under controlled conditions.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
8.2.18 Required practical activity 18
Investigate the variables that affect the temperature changes of a series of reactions in solutions, eg acid plus metals, acid plus carbonates, neutralisations, displacement of metals.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 1 – use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including mass, temperature, and volume of liquids.
Chemistry AT 3 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for conducting and monitoring chemical reactions.
Chemistry AT 5 – making and recording of appropriate observations during chemical reactions including changes in temperature.
Chemistry AT 6 – safe use and careful handling of gases, liquids and solids, including careful mixing of reagents under controlled conditions, using appropriate apparatus to explore chemical changes.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
MS 1a – recognise and use expressions in decimal form.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 4a – translate information between graphical and numeric form.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
8.2.19 Required practical activity 19
Investigation of how changes in concentration affect the rates of reactions by a method involving measuring the volume of a gas produced and a method involving a change in colour or turbidity. This should be an investigation involving developing a hypothesis.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 1 – use of appropriate apparatus to make and record a range of measurements accurately, including mass, temperature, and volume of liquids.
Chemistry AT 3 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for conducting and monitoring chemical reactions.
Chemistry AT 5 – making and recording of appropriate observations during chemical reactions including the measurement of rates of reaction by a variety of methods such as production of gas and colour change.
Chemistry AT 6 – safe use and careful handling of gases, liquids and solids, including careful mixing of reagents under controlled conditions, using appropriate apparatus to explore chemical changes.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.
WS 2.7 – evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements and further investigations.
MS 1a – recognise and use expressions in decimal form.
MS 1c – use ratios, fractions and percentages.
MS 1d – make estimates of the results of simple calculations.
MS 2a – use an appropriate number of significant figures.
MS 2b – find arithmetic means.
MS 4a – translate information between graphical and numeric form.
MS 4b – understand that y = mx + c represents a linear relationship.
MS 4c – plot two variables from experimental or other data.
MS 4d – determine the slope and intercept of a linear graph.
MS 4e – draw and use the slope of a tangent to a curve as a measure of rate of change.
8.2.20 Required practical activity 20
Investigate the effect of pH on the rate of reaction of amylase enzyme.
Students should use a continuous sampling technique to determine the time taken to completely digest a starch solution at a range of pH values. Iodine reagent is to be used to test for starch every 30 seconds. Temperature must be controlled by use of a water bath or electric heater.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Biology AT 1 – use appropriate apparatus to record the volumes of liquids, time and pH.
Biology AT 2 – safe use of a water bath or electric heater.
Biology AT 5 – measure the rate of reaction by the colour change of iodine indicator.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations and hypothesis on how pH affects amylase activity.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements, and health and safety.
WS 2.5 – describe the appropriate sampling technique to ensure samples are representative.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements of time.
WS 3.1 – present a graph of amylase activity against pH.
WS 3.2 – translate numeric data into graphical form.
MS 1a, 1c – carry out rate calculations for chemical reactions.
8.2.21 Required practical activity 21
Investigate what happens when aqueous solutions are electrolysed using inert electrodes. This should be an investigation involving developing a hypothesis.
Apparatus and techniques
In doing this practical students should cover these parts of the apparatus and techniques requirements.
Chemistry AT 3 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques for conducting and monitoring chemical reactions.
Chemistry AT 7 – use of appropriate apparatus and techniques to draw, set up and use electrochemical cells for separation and production of elements and compounds.
Key opportunities for skills development
In doing this practical there are key opportunities for students to develop the following skills.
WS 2.1 – use scientific theories and explanations to develop hypotheses.
WS 2.2 – plan experiments or devise procedures to make observations, produce or characterise a substance, test hypotheses, check data or explore phenomena.
WS 2.3 – apply a knowledge of a range of techniques, instruments, apparatus and materials to select those appropriate to the experiment.
WS 2.4 – carry out experiments appropriately having due regard for the correct manipulation of apparatus, the accuracy of measurements and health and safety considerations.
WS 2.6 – make and record observations and measurements using a range of apparatus and methods.