In solving quantitative problems, students should be able to recallandapply the following equations, using standard SI units.

Equations required for Higher Tier papers only are indicated by HT in the left hand column.

Equation number	Word equation	Symbol equation
1	$w e i g h t = m a s s \times g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d s t r e n g t h (g)$	$W = m g$
2	$w o r k d o n e = f o r c e \times d i s t a n c e (a l o n g t h e l i n e o f a c t i o n o f t h e f o r c e)$	$W = F s$
3	$f o r c e a p p l i e d t o a s p r i n g = s p r i n g c o n s t a n t \times e x t e n s i o n$	$F = k e$
4	$m o m e n t o f a f o r c e = f o r c e \times d i s t a n c e (n o r m a l t o d i r e c t i o n o f f o r c e)$	$M = F d$
5	$p r e s s u r e = \frac{f o r c e n o r m a l t o a s u r f a c e}{a r e a o f t h a t s u r f a c e}$	$p = \frac{F}{A}$
6	$d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d = s p e e d \times t i m e$	$s = v t$
7	$a c c e l e r a t i o n = \frac{c h a n g e i n v e l o c i t y}{t i m e t a k e n}$	$a = \frac{∆ v}{t}$
8	$r e s u l t a n t f o r c e = m a s s \times a c c e l e r a t i o n$	$F = m a$
9 HT	$m o m e n t u m = m a s s \times v e l o c i t y$	$p = m v$
10	$k i n e t i c e n e r g y = 0.5 \times m a s s \times {(s p e e d)}^{2}$	$E_{k} = \frac{1}{2} m v^{2}$
11	$g r a v i t a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y = m a s s \times g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d s t r e n g t h (g) \times h e i g h t$	$E_{p} = m g h$
12	$p o w e r = \frac{e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d}{t i m e}$	$P = \frac{E}{t}$
13	$p o w e r = \frac{w o r k d o n e}{t i m e}$	$P = \frac{W}{t}$
14	$e f f i c i e n c y = \frac{u s e f u l o u t p u t e n e r g y t r a n s f e r}{t o t a l i n p u t e n e r g y t r a n s f e r}$
15	$e f f i c i e n c y = \frac{u s e f u l p o w e r o u t p u t}{t o t a l p o w e r i n p u t}$
16	$w a v e s p e e d = f r e q u e n c y \times w a v e l e n g t h$	$v = f λ$
17	$c h a r g e f l o w = c u r r e n t \times t i m e$	$Q = I t$
18	$p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e = c u r r e n t \times r e s i s t a n c e$	$V = I R$
19	$p o w e r = p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e \times c u r r e n t$	$P = V I$
20	$p o w e r = {(c u r r e n t)}^{2} \times r e s i s t a n c e$	$P = I^{2} R$
21	$e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d = p o w e r \times t i m e$	$E = P t$
22	$e n e r g y t r a n s f e r r e d = c h a r g e f l o w \times p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e$	$E = Q V$
23	$d e n s i t y = \frac{m a s s}{v o l u m e}$	$ρ = \frac{m}{V}$

Students should be able to select and apply the following equations from the Physics equation sheet.

Equations required for Higher Tier papers only are indicated by HT in the left hand column.

Equation number	Word equation	Symbol equation
1 HT	$p r e s s u r e d u e t o a c o l u m n o f l i q u i d = h e i g h t o f c o l u m n \times d e n s i t y o f l i q u i d \times g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d s t r e n g t h (g)$	$p = h ρ g$
2	${(f i n a l v e l o c i t y)}^{2} - {(i n i t i a l v e l o c i t y)}^{2} = 2 \times a c c e l e r a t i o n \times d i s t a n c e$	$v^{2} - u^{2} = 2 a s$
3 HT	$f o r c e = \frac{c h a n g e i n m o m e n t u m}{t i m e t a k e n}$	$F = \frac{m ∆ v}{∆ t}$
4	$e l a s t i c p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y = 0.5 \times s p r i n g c o n s t a n t \times {(e x t e n s i o n)}^{2}$	$E_{e} = \frac{1}{2} k e^{2}$
5	$c h a n g e i n t h e r m a l e n e r g y = m a s s \times s p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y \times t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e$	$∆ E = m c ∆ θ$
6	$p e r i o d = \frac{1}{f r e q u e n c y}$
7	$m a g n i f i c a t i o n = \frac{i m a g e h e i g h t}{o b j e c t h e i g h t}$
8 HT	$f o r c e o n a c o n d u c t o r (a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o a m a g n e t i c f i e l d) c a r r y i n g a c u r r e n t = m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y \times c u r r e n t \times l e n g t h$	$F = B I l$
9	$t h e r m a l e n e r g y f o r a c h a n g e o f s t a t e = m a s s \times s p e c i f i c l a t e n t h e a t$	$E = m L$
10 HT	$\frac{p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s p r i m a r y c o i l}{p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s s e c o n d a r y c o i l} = \frac{n u m b e r o f t u r n s i n p r i m a r y c o i l}{n u m b e r o f t u r n s i n s e c o n d a r y c o i l}$	$\frac{V_{p}}{V_{s}} = \frac{n_{p}}{n_{s}}$
11 HT	$p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s p r i m a r y c o i l \times c u r r e n t i n p r i m a r y c o i l = p o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a c r o s s s e c o n d a r y c o i l \times c u r r e n t i n s e c o n d a r y c o i l$	$V_{p} I_{p} = V_{s} I_{s}$
12	For gases: $p r e s s u r e \times v o l u m e = c o n s t a n t$	$p V = c o n s t a n t$